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XRAG2
432-bit UHF, EPCglobal Class1 Generation2 and ISO 18000-6C, contactless memory chip with user memory
Features
EPCglobal class 1 generation 2 RFID UHF specification (revision 1.0.9) Passive operation (no battery required) UHF carrier frequencies from 860 MHz to 960 MHz ISM band To the XRAG2: - Asynchronous 90% SSB-ASK, DSB-ASK or PR-ASK modulation using pulse interval encoding (Up to 128Kbit/s) From the XRAG2: - Backscattered reflective answers using FM0 or Miller bit coding (up to 640 Kbits/s) 432-bit memory with two possible configurations: - 3 memory banks to store up to 256-bit EPC code: 64-bit TID, 304-bit EPC and 64-bit reserved banks - 4 memory banks to store up to 128-EPC code: 128-bit user, 64-bit TID, 176-bit EPC and 64-bit reserved banks Supports EPC and ISO TID Multisession protocol Anti-collision functionality Inventory, Read, Write and Erase features Kill command 100 ms programming time (max) for 288-bit (EPC code, Protocol Control bits and CRC16) programming More than 10,000 Write/Erase cycles More than 40 years' data retention Packages - ECOPACK(R) (RoHS compliant)
1. Preliminary data.

UFDFPN6(1) 1.8 x 2 mm (MA)
Unsawn unbumped wafers or sawn and bumped wafers

April 2008
Rev 6
1/33
www.st.com 1
Contents
XRAG2
Contents
1 2 Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 XRAG2 memory mapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.1 2.2 Tag identification (TID) structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Initial delivery state . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3 4 5
XRAG2 command list . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Operating frequency and temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Reader-to-tag protocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 Reader-to-tag Power-Up and Power-Down . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Reader-to-tag RF modulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Reader-to-tag data encoding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Reader-to-tag communication start and calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
6
Tag-to-reader protocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
6.1 Tag-to-reader data encoding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
6.1.1 6.1.2 6.1.3 6.1.4 6.1.5 6.1.6 6.1.7 Tag-to-reader FM0 encoding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Tag-to-reader FM0 preamble . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Tag-to-reader FM0 end of signaling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Tag-to-reader FM0 data rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Tag-to-reader Miller-modulated subcarrier encoding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Tag-to-reader Miller sub carrier modulation preamble . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Tag-to-reader Miller subcarrier modulation end of signaling . . . . . . . . . 20
6.2
Tag-to-reader Miller signaling data rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
7 8
Tag-to-reader communication timings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 XRAG2 command descriptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
8.1 8.2 Select command set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
8.1.1 Select . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Inventory command set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
8.2.1 Query . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
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XRAG2 8.2.2 8.2.3 8.2.4 8.2.5
Contents QueryRep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 QueryAdjust . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 ACK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 NAK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
8.3
Access command set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
8.3.1 8.3.2 8.3.3 8.3.4 8.3.5 8.3.6 8.3.7 8.3.8 Req_RN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Read . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Write . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 BlockWrite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 BlockErase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Kill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Lock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
9 10 11 12
XRAG2 impedance parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Package mechanical data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Part numbering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Revision history . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
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List of tables
XRAG2
List of tables
Table 1. Table 2. Table 3. Table 4. Table 5. Table 6. Table 7. Table 8. Table 9. Table 10. Table 11. Table 12. Table 13. Table 14. Table 15. Table 16. Signal names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Structure of ISO TID . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Structure of EPC TID . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 XRAG2 operating temperature range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 RF envelop parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 PIE parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Reader to tag frame-sync and preamble timings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Tag-to-Reader link frequency and tolerance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Tag-to-Reader data rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Reader-to-tag and tag-to-Reader communication timings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 XRAG2 Write, BlockWrite and BlockErase parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 XRAG2 parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 XRAG2 impedance parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 UFDFPN6 (MLP6) - 8-lead ultra thin fine pitch dual flat package no lead 1.8 x 2 mm, package mechanical data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Ordering information scheme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Document revision history . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
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XRAG2
List of figures
List of figures
Figure 1. Figure 2. Figure 3. Figure 4. Figure 5. Figure 6. Figure 7. Figure 8. Figure 9. Figure 10. Figure 11. Figure 12. Figure 13. Figure 14. Figure 15. Figure 16. Figure 17. Figure 18. Figure 19. Figure 20. Figure 21. Pad connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Die floor plan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 UFDFPN connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Four bank memory organization (EPC_length 9d), memory map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Three memory bank organization (EPC_length > 9d), memory map: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Reader-to-tag RF envelop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 PIE encoding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Preamble timings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Frame-sync sequence timings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 FM0 symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 FM0 answer preamble without pilot tone (TRext=0). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 FM0 answer preamble with pilot tone (TRext=1). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Tag-to-reader FM0 end of signaling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Tag-to-reader Miller subcarrier sequences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Tag-to-reader Miller Preamble . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Tag-to-reader Miller end of signaling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Example of an inventory round . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Reader-to-tag and tag-to-reader communication timings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Access command state diagram. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 XRAG2 input impedance, equivalent serial circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 UFDFPN6 (MLP6) - 6-lead ultra thin fine pitch dual flat package no lead 1.8 x 2 mm, package outline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
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Description
XRAG2
1
Description
The XRAG2 is a full-featured, low-cost integrated circuit for use in radio frequency identification (RFID) transponders (XRAG2s) operating at UHF frequencies. It is a 432-bit memory organized as 3 or 4 memory banks of 16-bit words as shown in Figure 4 and Figure 5. When connected to an antenna, the operating power is derived from the RF energy produced by the RFID reader and incoming data are demodulated and decoded from the received double-side band amplitude shift keying (DSB-ASK), single-side band amplitude shift keying (SSB-ASK) or phase-reversal amplitude shift keying (PR-ASK) modulation signal. Outgoing data are generated by antenna reflectivity variation using either FM0 or the Miller bit coding principle (chosen by the reader). Communications between the reader and the XRAG2 are Half-duplex, which means that the XRAG2s does not decode reader commands while back scattering. The data transfer rate is defined by the local UHF frequency regulation. The XRAG2 complies with the EPC Global Class-1 Generation-2 UHF RFID specification, revision 1.0.9, for the radio-frequency power and signal interface. Figure 1. Pad connections
Power Supply Regulator 432 bit EEPROM memory ASK Demodulator
AC1
AC0 Reflecting Modulator
AI12306
Figure 2.
Die floor plan
(GND) AC0 AC1
ai12307
6/33
XRAG2 Table 1. Signal names
Signal name AC1 AC0 (GND) Antenna pad Antenna pad Function
Description
The dialog between the reader and the XRAG2 is conducted through the following consecutive operations:

activation of the XRAG2 by the UHF operating field of the reader transmission of a command by the reader transmission of a response by the XRAG2
This technique is called RTF (reader talk first). The XRAG2 is specifically designed for extended-range applications that need automatic item identification. The XRAG2 provides a fast and flexible anti-collision protocol that is robust under noisy and unpredictable RF conditions typical of RFID applications. The XRAG2 EEPROM memory can be read and written, which enables users to program the EPC code and user memory on site, if desired. The TID memory is written by STMicroelectronics during the manufacturing process. Figure 3. UFDFPN connections
AC1 NC NC 1 2 3
654 AC0 NC NC
AI15109
1. There is an exposed central pad on the underside of the UFDFPN package. This is pulled, internally, to VSS, and must not be allowed to be connected to any other voltage or signal line on the PCB. 2. See Package mechanical data section for package dimensions, and how to identify pin-1.
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XRAG2 memory mapping
XRAG2
2
XRAG2 memory mapping
The XRAG2 is a 432-bit memory organized in three memory banks (without the user memory) or four memory bank (with the user memory) depending on the size of the EPC code chosen by the user. Each bank is organized as 16-bit words. The reader can read part or all of each memory bank by 16-bit words. Using the Write command, the device is written a 16-bit word at a time. The BlockWrite command allows readers to write up to 4 words at a time. The BlockErase command allows readers to erase several words at a time (from two words to the entire memory bank). The bank number and memory organization depend on the size of the EPC contents programmed in the EPC_length field stored in the first five bits of the Protocol Control (PC) word. The sixteen Protocol Control bits are located at memory bit addresses 10h-1Fh of the EPC bank, as defined in the EPCglobal Class 1 generation 2 RFID UHF specification, revision 1.0.9. The XRAG2 memory organization is automatically adjusted under the following conditions:
for EPC_length values below or equal to 9d, the XRAG2 memory organization features a: - - - - 64-bit Reserved bank, 176-bit EPC bank for 128-bit EPC code storage, 64-bit TID bank, 128-bit User bank,
The memory map corresponding to this configuration is shown in Figure 4.
for EPC_length values above 9d, the XRAG2 memory organization features a: - - - 64-bit Reserved bank, 304-bit EPC bank for 256-bit EPC code storage, 64-bit TID bank.
The memory map corresponding to this configuration is shown in Figure 5.
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XRAG2 Figure 4.
XRAG2 memory mapping Four bank memory organization (EPC_length 9d), memory map
70h ... 10h 00h Bank 11 Bank 10 Bank 01 Bank 00 User bank TID bank(1) EPC bank Reserved bank 128 bits 64 bits 176 bits 64 bits 30h 20h 10h 00h TID[15:0] TID[31:16] TID[47:32] TID[63:48] 3Fh 2Fh 1Fh 0Fh AFh 9Fh ... 2Fh 1Fh 0Fh 3Fh 2Fh 1Fh 0Fh User ... User User 7Fh ... 1Fh 0Fh
RFU A0h EPC [15:0] 90h ... up to 128 EPC bits ... EPC[N:N-15] 20h AFI/NSI 10h (PC+EPC)length CRC16[15:0] 00h 30h 20h 10h 00h Access password [15:0] Access password [31:16] Kill password [15:0] Kill password [31:16]
ai12309d
1. See Table 2 and Table 3 for description of EPC and ISO TID coding.
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XRAG2 memory mapping Figure 5.
XRAG2
Three memory bank organization (EPC_length > 9d), memory map:
30h 20h 10h 00h 120h 110h ... ... ... TID[15:0] TID[31:16] TID[47:32] TID[63:48](1) RFU EPC [15:0] ... ... up to 256 EPC bits ... 3Fh 2Fh 1Fh 0Fh 12Fh 11Fh ... ... ... 2Fh 1Fh 0Fh 3Fh 2Fh 1Fh 0Fh
ai12310b
Bank 10 Bank 01 Bank 00
TID bank(1) EPC bank Reserved bank
64 bits 304 bits 64 bits
EPC[N:N-15] 20h (PC+EPC)length AFI/NSI 10h CRC16[15:0] 00h 30h 20h 10h 00h Access password [15:0] Access password [31:16] Kill password [15:0] Kill password [31:16]
1. See Table 2 and Table 3 for description of EPC and ISO TID coding.
2.1
Tag identification (TID) structure
The 64-bit TID memory content is written by STMicroelectronics according to the ISO 15963 Technical Report in order to follow the ISO 18000 standard recommendations. XRAG2 can be delivered with either ISO TID or EPC TID. Table 2 and Table 3 show the TID structure in each case. Table 2.
30h 20h 10h 00h 09h E0h
Structure of ISO TID
b4 b5 b6 b7 b8 b9b10b11 b12 b13 b14 b15 42 bits ST Reserved 02h 3Fh 2Fh 1Fh 0Fh
b0 b1b2 b3
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XRAG2 Table 3.
30h 20h 10h 00h

XRAG2 memory mapping Structure of EPC TID
b0 b1b2 b3 b4 b5b6 b7 b8 b9b10 b11 32 bits ST reserved 7240h E200h b12 b13 b14 b15
Tag mask-identifier 007h for STMicroelectronics Tag model number 240h for XRAG2
2.2
Initial delivery state
XRAG2 devices are delivered as follows:

Reserved bank, with Access and Kill passwords set to 00000000h Protocol Control word programmed to 3000h (96 bits long EPC code) EPC bank, all 00h except for PC word TID bank programmed and locked as described in Section 2.1: Tag identification (TID) structure User bank, All 00h
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XRAG2 command list
XRAG2
3
XRAG2 command list
The XRAG2 offers Select, Inventory, and Access commands sets as described in the EPCglobal class 1 generation 2 UHF RFID specification, revision 1.0.9:
Select command set: - Select Query QueryAdjust QueryRep ACK NAK Req_RN Read Write Kill Lock Access BlockWrite BlockErase Inventory command set: - - - - -
Access command set: - - - - - - - -
For a detailed description of the commands, see Section 8: XRAG2 command descriptions.
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XRAG2
Operating frequency and temperature
4
Operating frequency and temperature
The XRAG2 RF interface and voltage multiplier convert RF energy provided by the reader into the DC power required for the XRAG2 to operate. The XRAG2 operates in the 860MHz to 960MHz frequency range, as specified in the EPCglobal class-1 generation-2 UHF RFID specification, revision 1.0.9. When connected to an antenna, the operating frequency is fixed by the antenna's tuning frequency and bandwidth. Table 4. XRAG2 operating temperature range
Parameter Operating temperature Symbol top Min -20 Max 55 Units C
When connected to an antenna, the operating temperature range is determined by the antenna material capabilities.
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Reader-to-tag protocol
XRAG2
5
5.1
Reader-to-tag protocol
Reader-to-tag Power-Up and Power-Down
The reader power-up and power-down waveform, and timing requirements are specified in the EPCglobal Class 1 generation 2 RFID UHF specification, revision 1.0.9.
5.2
Reader-to-tag RF modulation
A reader can communicate with the tag by modulating the RF carrier using DSB-ASK, SSBASK or PR-ASK, as specified in EPCglobal Class 1 generation 2 RFID UHF specification, revision 1.0.9. Figure 6. Reader-to-tag RF envelop $6. 0RGXODWLRQ
35$6. 0RGXODWLRQ
Table 5.
RF envelop parameters(1)
Parameter Modulation depth RF envelop ripple Symbol (A-B)/A Mh=MI tr,10-90% and tf, 90-10% Min 80 0 0 Typical 90 Max 100 0.05(A-B) 0.33 Tari Units % V/m s
RF envelop rise and fall time
1. Characterized only.
14/33
XRAG2
Reader-to-tag protocol
5.3
Reader-to-tag data encoding
A reader communicates with the tag using Pulse Interval Encoding (PIE), as specified in EPCglobal class-1 generation-2 UHF RFID specification. Figure 7. PIE encoding
1.5Tari data-1 2.0Tari Tari tPW data-0 tPW data-1
ai12311
0.5Tari x Tari
Pulse modulation depth, rise time, fall time, Tari, RF Pulse Width (tPW) and RF envelope are specified in the EPCglobal Class 1 generation 2 RFID UHF specification, revision 1.0.9. Table 6. PIE parameters(1)
Symbol tPW(2) Tari Min max (2.265 Tari) 6.25 Max 0.525 Tari 25 Units s s
Parameter RF pulse width Tari
(3)
1. Characterized only. 2. tPW is the pulse width duration and corresponds to a negative pulse width (RF interruption period). 3. Tari is the reference time for reader-to-tag signaling, and is the duration of a `0'.
5.4
Reader-to-tag communication start and calibration
As specified in the EPCglobal Class 1 generation 2 RFID UHF specification, revision 1.0.9, a reader begins signaling to the tag with a preamble or frame-sync sequence. A preamble sequence must precede a Query command to calibrate data rates during communication from the reader to the tag and from the tag to the reader (see Figure 8). The preamble denotes the start of an inventory round. The preamble is composed of the delimiter, RTCal and TRCAL symbols:
RTcal corresponds to the duration of a `0' and a `1'. When receiving the preamble, the tag computes pivot = RTCAL/2 and decodes further coming data symbol shorter than pivot as `0', and data symbol longer than pivot as `1'. TRcal in addition to the Divide ratio (DR) parameter transmitted in the Query command is used by readers to specify the tag-to-reader backscatter link frequency - - data rate for FM0 tag-to-reader base band modulation: LF=DR/TRcal data rates for Miller tag-to-reader subcarrier modulation: LF/M (M specified during Query command)
A frame-sync sequence must precede all other signaling (see Figure 9).
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Reader-to-tag protocol Figure 8. Preamble timings
1 Tari 12.5s 5% 2.5Tari RTcal 3.0Tari tPW 1.1RTcal TRcal 3RTcal tPW
XRAG2
tPW
delimiter
data-0
R=>T calibration (RTcal)
T=>R calibration (TRcal)
ai12312
Figure 9.
Frame-sync sequence timings
1 Tari 12.5 s 5% 2.5Tari RTcal 3.0Tari tPW tPW
delimiter
data-0
R=>T calibration (RTcal)
ai12313b
Table 7.
Reader to tag frame-sync and preamble timings(1)
Parameter Symbol Delimiter RTcal TRcal 2.5 1.1 Min Typ 12.5 3 3 Max Tolerance Units 5% 1% 1% s Tari RTCAL
Delimiter Reader-to-tag calibration timing Tag-to-reader calibration timing
1. Characterized only.
Preamble and frame-sync format and timings follow the EPCglobal Class 1 generation 2 RFID UHF specification, revision 1.0.9.
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XRAG2
Tag-to-reader protocol
6
Tag-to-reader protocol
During answer frames, the tag backscatters data in accordance to the encoding format and data rate chosen by the reader during the Query command starting the inventory round. The tag backscatters data to the reader by modulating its antenna reflection coefficient.
6.1
Tag-to-reader data encoding
As specified in the EPCglobal Class 1 generation 2 RFID UHF specification, revision 1.0.9, the tag encodes the backscattered data as either FM0 base band (biphase space) or Miller modulation of a subcarrier at the data rate requested by the reader. High values represented on Figure 10, Figure 11, Figure 13, Figure 14, Figure 15, and Figure 16 correspond to the tag antenna's reflecting power.
6.1.1
Tag-to-reader FM0 encoding
As specified in the EPCglobal Class 1 generation 2 RFID UHF specification, revision 1.0.9, Tag-to-reader FM0 modulation is chosen by the reader by setting the Subcarrier Number parameter (M) to 1 in the query command starting the inventory round. Figure 10. FM0 symbols
Tpri = 1/LF data 0 0 Tpri = 1/LF
data
1
1
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Tag-to-reader link frequency is defined in Section 5.4: Reader-to-tag communication start and calibration.
6.1.2
Tag-to-reader FM0 preamble
As defined in the EPCglobal Class 1 generation 2 RFID UHF specification, revision 1.0.9, the tag can start FM0 backscattering using a 12 0's pilot tone, depending on the value of the TRext parameter sent during the Query command that initiates the inventory round. Figure 11 and Figure 12 show the two possible FM0 modulation answer preamble formats according to the TRext parameter value. Figure 11. FM0 answer preamble without pilot tone (TRext=0).
1
0
1
0
V(1)
1
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1. V = violation.
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Tag-to-reader protocol Figure 12. FM0 answer preamble with pilot tone (TRext=1).
12 leading zeroes (pilot tone)
XRAG2
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
V(1)
1
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1. V = violation.
6.1.3
Tag-to-reader FM0 end of signaling
As specified in the EPCglobal Class 1 generation 2 RFID UHF specification, revision 1.0.9, the tag ends transmissions with a dummy `1'. Figure 13 shows the different possibilities occurring during communications. Figure 13. Tag-to-reader FM0 end of signaling
0
dummy 1
0
dummy 1
1
dummy 1
1
dummy 1
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6.1.4
Tag-to-reader FM0 data rate
The Tag provides all FM0 backscattering modulation data rate specified in the EPCglobal Class 1 generation 2 RFID UHF specification, revision 1.0.9: 40 Kbps LF 640 Kbps
6.1.5
Tag-to-reader Miller-modulated subcarrier encoding
The tag provides tag-to-reader Miller subcarrier modulation as specified in EPCglobal Class 1 generation 2 RFID UHF specification, revision 1.0.9. The tag-to-reader Miller subcarrier modulation is chosen by the reader by setting the Subcarrier Number parameter (M) to 2, 4 or 8 during the Query command starting the inventory round. Figure 14 shows Miller subcarrier modulation sequence examples for M=2, M=4 and M=8.
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XRAG2 Figure 14. Tag-to-reader Miller subcarrier sequences
M/LF M=2 000 M=4 000 M/LF
Tag-to-reader protocol
001
001
010
010
011
011
100
100
101
101
110
110
111 M*1/L M=4 000
111
001
010
011
100
101
110
111
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Tag-to-reader protocol
XRAG2
6.1.6
Tag-to-reader Miller sub carrier modulation preamble
As for the FM0 base band modulation, the Tag supports the two Miller subcarrier modulation preamble formats, according to the TRext parameter, as specified in the EPCglobal Class 1 generation 2 RFID UHF specification, revision 1.0.9. Figure 15 shows Miller preamble according to the value of the TRext parameter of the Query command starting the inventory round.
Figure 15. Tag-to-reader Miller Preamble
Miller preamble (TRext = 0)
M=2 4M/LF M=8 4M/LF 0 0 1 0 1 1 1
M=4
1
0
1
1
1
Miller preamble (TRext = 1)
M=2 16M/LF M=4 16M/LF M=8 16M/LF 0 1 0 1 1 1
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0
1
0
1
1
1
0
1
0
1
1
1
6.1.7
Tag-to-reader Miller subcarrier modulation end of signaling
In accordance with the EPCglobal Class 1 generation 2 RFID UHF specification, revision 1.0.9, the tag miller subcarrier modulation signaling ends with a dummy `1'. Figure 16 shows the different possible Miller subcarrier modulation end of signaling sequences.
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XRAG2 Figure 16. Tag-to-reader Miller end of signaling
Miller end of signaling M=2
Tag-to-reader protocol
0
dummy 1
0
dummy 1
1 M=4
dummy 1
1
dummy 1
0
dummy 1
0
dummy 1
1 M=8
dummy 1
1
dummy 1
0
dummy 1
0
dummy 1
1
dummy 1
1
dummy 1
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6.2
Tag-to-reader Miller signaling data rates
The tag supports all Miller subcarrier modulation data rates specified in the EPCglobal Class 1 generation 2 RFID UHF specification, revision 1.0.9: 320 Kbps Millerdatarate (M=2) 20 Kbps 160 Kbps Millerdatarate (M=4) 10 Kbps 80 Kbps Millerdatarate (M=8) 5 Kbps
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Tag-to-reader communication timings
XRAG2
7
Tag-to-reader communication timings
The tag complies with the reader-to-tag and tag-to-reader link timing requirements of the EPCglobal Class 1 generation 2 RFID UHF specification, revision 1.0.9. Table 8. Tag-to-Reader link frequency and tolerance(1)
TRcal (s 1%) 33.3 33.3 < TRcal < 66.7 66.7 66.7 < TRcal < 83.3 64/3 83.3 83.3 < TRcal 133.3 133.3 < TRcal 200 200 < TRcal 225 17.2 TRcal < 25 25 25 < TRcal < 31.25 31.25 8 31.25 < TRcal < 50 50 50 < TRcal 75 75 < TRcal 200
1. Characterized only.
Divide ratio DR
Link frequency LF (kHz) 640 320 < LF < 640 320 256 < LF < 320 256 160 LF < 256 107 LF < 160 95 LF < 107 320 < LF 465 320 256 < LF < 320 256 160< LF < 256 160 107 LF < 160 40 LF < 160
Table 9.
Tag-to-Reader data rates(1)
Modulation type FM0 baseband Miller subcarrier Miller subcarrier Miller subcarrier Data rate (kbps) LF LF/2 LF/4 LF/8
Number of subcarrier cycles per symbol (M) 1 2 4 8
1. Characterized only.
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XRAG2
XRAG2 command descriptions
8
XRAG2 command descriptions
The XRAG2 offers Select, Inventory, and Access command sets as described in EPCglobal Class 1 generation 2 RFID UHF specification, revision 1.0.9.
8.1
8.1.1
Select command set
Select
The XRAG2 supports the Select command as described in the EPCglobal Class 1 generation 2 RFID UHF specification, revision 1.0.9. This command defines a tag population based on user-defined criteria for the next inventory and access operations. Readers can use one or more Select commands to select a particular tag population before inventory.
8.2
8.2.1
Inventory command set
Query
The XRAG2 supports the Query command as described in the EPCglobal Class 1 generation 2 RFID UHF specification, revision 1.0.9. This command initiates and specifies an inventory round. The Query command also specifies the tag-to-reader data rate and coding scheme (FM0 or Miller).
8.2.2
QueryRep
The XRAG2 supports the QueryRep command as described in the EPCglobal Class 1 generation 2 RFID UHF specification, revision 1.0.9. This command instructs tags participating in the inventory round to decrement their slot counter. If slot=0 after decrementing, tag backscatters a 16-bit Random Number (RN16).
8.2.3
QueryAdjust
The XRAG2 supports the QueryAdjust command as described in the EPCglobal Class 1 generation 2 RFID UHF specification, revision 1.0.9. This command increments, decrements or leaves unchanged the number of slots in the inventory round without changing any other parameter of the round.
8.2.4
ACK
The XRAG2 supports the ACK command as described in the EPCglobal Class 1 generation 2 RFID UHF specification, revision 1.0.9. This command acknowledges a single tag in the Reply state. The tag enters the Acknowledged state and replies by backscattering its PC, EPC and CRC16.
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XRAG2 command descriptions
XRAG2
8.2.5
NAK
The XRAG2 supports the NAK command as described in the EPCglobal Class 1 generation 2 RFID UHF specification, revision 1.0.9. This command restores tags to the Arbitrate state. Tags in Reply or Killed state remain in the same state. The algorithm for a single tag or multiple tag inventory is shown in Figure 17. Figure 17. Example of an inventory round
Power up and tag not killed
Ready Query(Q > 0) start of inventory
Select
Query (Q = 0)
Arbitrate
QueryRep or QueryAdjust and tag slot_counter 0
NAK if EPC not valid
QueryRep or QueryAdjust and tag Slot_counter=0
Reply QueryRep or QueryAdjust if EPC VALID, Query (start a new round), Select
tag backscatters RN161
ACK (RN161 within t2)
Acknowledged
tag backscatters PC, EPC and CRC16
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1. Please refer to EPCglobal Class 1 generation 2 RFID UHF specification, revision 1.0.9 for a complete description of each command and all state transition cases.
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XRAG2
XRAG2 command descriptions Figure 18. Reader-to-tag and tag-to-reader communication timings
Carrier Wave Carrier Wave QueryRep or QueryAdjust if EPC is valid NAK is EPC is invalid
Reader
Select
Query t4
ACK
QueryRep
NAK RN16 PC + EPC + CRC16 t1 Invalid ACK Carrier Wave t2 t2 No Reply
t1 Collided Reply Reader Query Carrier Wave Collision detected Tag t1 RN16 t2 t1
QueryRep
QueryRep No Reply t3 t1
ACK No Reply
QueryRep
RN16 t2 t1
t3
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Table 10.
Parameter
Reader-to-tag and tag-to-Reader communication timings(1) (2) (3) (4)
Description Delay between end of Reader command and beginning of tag answer. Delay between tag reply and next Reader command. Conditions Min Nominal Max
T1(5)
Measured between the last rising edge of Reader max(RTcal, 10 T ) max(RTcal, 10 Tpri) pri max (RTcal, 10 Tpri) command signaling and x (1_FT) - 2s x (1_FT) + 2s the first rising edge of tag reply Measured from the last falling edge of the last bit of tag reply to the first falling edge of reader command signaling.
T2(6)
3.0 Tpri
20 Tpri
T3 T4
Reader waits T1 before issuing new command when the tag does not reply. Minimum time between reader command
0 Tpri 2.0 RTcal
1. Tpri = 1/ LF, denotes either the period of an FM0 symbol or a single Miller subcarrier. 2. Characterized only. 3. If a Reader issues a new command during an tag reply, it does not demodulate the command. 4. See EPCglobal Class 1 generation 2 RFID UHF specification, revision 1.0.9 for more detailed information. 5. FT is the tag-to-reader link frequency tolerance. 6. maximum value of T2 only applies on tags in Reply or Acknowledged state. In this case, if T2 expires: - without receiving a valid command, the tag returns to the Arbitrate state - during the reception of a valid command, the tag executes the command - during the reception of an invalid command, the tag returns to the Arbitrate state upon determining that the command is invalid - In all other states, the maximum value of T2 does not apply.
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XRAG2 command descriptions
XRAG2
8.3
Access command set
The set of access commands comprises Req_RN, Access, Read, Write, BlockWrite, BlockErase, Kill and Lock. As described in the EPCglobal Class 1 generation 2 RFID UHF specification, revision 1.0.9, the XRAG2 executes Req_RN from the Acknowledged, Open, or Secured states. The XRAG2 executes Read, Write, BlockWrite and BlockErase instructions from the Secured state. If allowed by the lock status of the addressed location, the Read, Write, BlockWrite and BlockErase instructions can be executed from the Open state. The XRAG2 executes the Kill and Access commands from the Open or Secured states. The XRAG2 executes the Lock command only from the Secured state.
8.3.1
Req_RN
The XRAG2 supports the Req_RN command as described in the EPCglobal Class 1 generation 2 RFID UHF specification, revision 1.0.9. The Req_RN command instructs the tag in Acknowledged, Open or Secured state to backscatter a new RN16. If the tag is in the Acknowledged state, the new RN16 becomes the handle of the tag for all subsequent access commands. The handle is a tag identification number used for subsequent access commands. If the tag is in the Open or Secured state, a new RN16 is backscattered without changing the tag handle.
8.3.2
Access
The XRAG2 supports the Access command as described in the EPCglobal Class 1 generation 2 RFID UHF specification, revision 1.0.9. The Access command allows the reader to put tags with non-zero access passwords in the Secured state.
8.3.3
Read
The XRAG2 supports the Read command as described in the EPCglobal Class 1 generation 2 RFID UHF specification, revision 1.0.9. The Read command allows the reader to read a part or all of the tag Reserved, EPC, TID or User memory banks.
8.3.4
Write
The XRAG2 supports the Write command as described in the EPCglobal Class 1 generation 2 RFID UHF specification, revision 1.0.9. The Write command allows the reader to write a 16-bit word into the Reserved, EPC, or User memory bank. The 16-bit data word is cover-coded by the reader during the Write command using a new RN16 number generated using a Req_RN instruction before each Write command. The Write cycle executes an auto-erase cycle before word programming. After completion of the Write operation, the XRAG2 backscatters a single bit header (0b), its handle and a CRC16 within tWRITE. The XRAG2 backscatters the non-specific error code 0Fh within tWRITE if an error is encountered during the transmission of the Write command. The duration of the Write cycle tWRITE is specified in Table 11.
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XRAG2
XRAG2 command descriptions
8.3.5
BlockWrite
The XRAG2 supports the BlockWrite command as described in the EPCglobal Class 1 generation 2 RFID UHF specification, revision 1.0.9. The BlockWrite command allows the reader to program blocks of multiple 16-bit words (up to 4 words) into the Reserved, EPC, and User memory banks in a single operation. Prior to a BlockWrite operation, the block must be erased using a BlockErase command. If not, the current data is ORed with new data sent during the BlockWrite command. After completion of the BlockWrite operation, the XRAG2 backscatters a single bit header (0b), its handle and a CRC16 within tBLOCKWRITE. The XRAG2 backscatters the non-specific error code 0Fh within tBLOCKWRITE if an error is encountered during the transmission of the BlockWrite command. The duration of the BlockWrite cycle tBLOCKWRITE is specified in Table 11.
8.3.6
BlockErase
The XRAG2 supports the Block Erase command as described in the EPCglobal Class 1 generation 2 RFID UHF specification, revision 1.0.9. The BlockErase command allows the reader to erase blocks of multiple 16-bit words (up to the complete memory bank) into the Reserved, EPC, or User memory banks in a single operation. After completion of the BlockErase operation, XRAG2 backscatters a single bit header (0b), its Handle and a CRC16 within tBLOCKERASE. XRAG2 backscatters the non specific error code 0Fh within tBLOCKERASE if an error is encountered during the sending of the BlockErase command. The duration of the BlockErase cycle tBLOCKERASE is specified in Table 11.
8.3.7
Kill
The XRAG2 supports the KILL command as described in the EPCglobal Class 1 generation 2 RFID UHF specification, revision 1.0.9. The Kill command allows readers to permanently disable a tag.
8.3.8
Lock
The XRAG2 supports the Lock command as described in the EPCglobal Class 1 generation 2 RFID UHF specification, revision 1.0.9. The Lock command allows the reader to lock individual passwords and memory banks thereby preventing or allowing subsequent writes and/or reads of these passwords and memory banks. The status of the passwords and memory banks can be permanently locked (permalocked). Table 11. XRAG2 Write, BlockWrite and BlockErase parameters(1)
Description Write cycle time BlockWrite cycle time BlockErase cycle time Min Max 20 20 20 Unit ms ms ms
Parameter tWRITE tBLOCKWRITE tBLOCKERASE
1. Characterized only.
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XRAG2 command descriptions Figure 19. Access command state diagram
XRAG2
Acknowledged ACK Req_RN(RN161) and access_password=0 Req_RN(RN161) and access_password 0 Tag backscatters RN162 = Handle Access (Handle, access_password) Tag backscatters RN162 = Handle Kill (Handle, kill password 0) Secured ACK, (handle), Req_RN, Read, Write, Lock, BlockWrite, BlockErase, invalid Kill(1) ACK, (handle), Req_RN, Read, Write, Lock, BlockWrite, BlockErase, invalid Kill(1)
Open
Tag backscatters Handle when done Power up and Killed
Killed
All commands
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1. Please refer to EPCglobal Class 1 generation 2 RFID UHF specification, revision 1.0.9 for a complete description of each command, state transition cases, and tag reply.
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XRAG2
XRAG2 impedance parameters
9
XRAG2 impedance parameters
The XRAG2 provides the parameters specified in tables 12 and 13. The equivalent impedance model for measurement is based on a resistance and a capacitance connected in series with the external antenna. Table 12.
Symbol TSTG VESD
XRAG2 parameters
Description Storage temperature Electrostatic discharge voltage(1) Conditions Wafer 23 Machine model Human body model -100 -2000 +100 +2000 months V V Min 15 Max 25 Unit C
1. Mil. Std. 883 - Method 3015.
Table 13.
XRAG2 impedance parameters
Equivalent serial Model (see Figure 20) Measurement conditions T= +25 C, regulated internal VDD = 1.45 V Typical value characterized only.
Fc = 915 MHz, Rs = 10 Xs = -245 , Figure 20. XRAG2 input impedance, equivalent serial circuit
AC RS Zeq XS AC Zeq = RS + j . XS
ai12338
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Package mechanical data
XRAG2
10
Package mechanical data
Figure 21. UFDFPN6 (MLP6) - 6-lead ultra thin fine pitch dual flat package no lead 1.8 x 2 mm, package outline
D D2 L 1 E E2
PIN 1
K 6 e A A1
ddd
b
J5-ME
1. Drawing is not to scale. Preliminary data.
Table 14.
UFDFPN6 (MLP6) - 8-lead ultra thin fine pitch dual flat package no lead 1.8 x 2 mm, package mechanical data(1)
millimeters inches(2) Max 0.6 0.05 0.25 1.9 1.4 0.08 2 0.95 0.5 1.9 0.85 0.2 0.25 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.01 0.008 2.1 1.05 0.079 0.037 0.02 0.075 0.033 0.008 0.008 0.012 Typ 0.022 0.001 0.008 0.071 0.051 Min 0.018 0 0.006 0.067 0.047 Max 0.024 0.002 0.01 0.075 0.055 0.003 0.083 0.041 -
Symbol Typ A A1 b D D2 ddd E E2 e K L X 0.55 0.02 0.2 1.8 1.3 Min 0.45 0 0.15 1.7 1.2
1. Preliminary data. 2. Values in inches are converted from mm and rounded to 4 decimal digits.
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XRAG2
Part numbering
11
Part numbering
Table 15.
Example:
Ordering information scheme
XRAG2 W4I / 1GE
Device type XRAG2
Delivery form MATG = UFDFPN6 (MLP6) 1.8 x 2 mm, tape & reel packing, ECOPACK(R) and RoHS compliant, Sb2O3-free and TBBA-free((1) W4I = 180 m 15 m unsawn inkless wafer SBN18I = 180 m 15 m bumped and sawn inkless wafer on 8 inch frame
Customer code 1GE = EPC TID 1GI = ISO TID
1. Preliminary data.
For a list of the available options, please see the current memory shortform catalog. For further information on any aspect of this device, please contact your nearest ST sales office.
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Revision history
XRAG2
12
Revision history
Table 16.
Date 14-Apr-2006 10-Oct-2006 12-Oct-2006 11-Dec-2006
Document revision history
Revision 1 2 3 4 Initial release. End of design phase. XS value corrected in Table 13: XRAG2 impedance parameters. Document status promoted from Preliminary Data to full Datasheet. Figure 9: Frame-sync sequence timings modified. Unit of tag-to-reader calibration timing corrected in Table 7: Reader to tag frame-sync and preamble timings. Figure 14: Tag-to-reader Miller subcarrier sequences modified. Small text changes. Small text changes. Figure 4: Four bank memory organization (EPC_length 9d), memory map corrected. UFDFPN6 (MLP6) package added (seeSection 10: Package mechanical data and Figure 3: UFDFPN connections). Changes
15-Nov-2007
5
07-Apr-2008
6
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XRAG2
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